Philip Fox,

DVM, MSc, DACVIM/ECVIM (Cardiology), DACVECC
Role: Senior Veterinarian
Specialist in Cardiology
Chair of the Caspary Research Institute
Service Head of Cardiology
Vincent Astor Chair in Comparative Medicine
Cardiology Residency Program Director
Department: Cardiology
Dr. Philip Fox of the Animal Medical Center in New York City

Dr. Fox received his DVM degree at The Ohio State University. He is a well-recognized international speaker and has won many honors, including Lifetime Achievement Awards from both the American and European Colleges of Veterinary Internal Medicine (Cardiology) and the NY City Veterinary Medical Association; the North American Veterinary Conference (NAVC) Speaker of the Year, and Distinguished Ohio State University Alumnus Award. Dr Fox was also honored by the City of New York receiving its Award of Merit from the NYPD, (for research to identify health risks in police dogs at and following the WTC 9/11 terrorist attacks). He was past President, American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Cardiology Specialty. He has published extensively, including two cardiology textbooks, and is one of the founding editors of the Journal of Veterinary Cardiology. Dr. Fox is a popular lecturer at professional state and national veterinary conferences on topics related to coughing, heart and lung disease, new diagnostic methods, and effective therapies.

Board Certifications:

Faculty Positions:

  • Adjunct Professor, Cornell University, CVM, Department Clinical Sciences, Cardiology
  • Adjunct Professor, North Carolina State University, CVM, Terry Veterinary Medical Center, Cardiology

Education:

  • DVM – The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 1978
  • Internship in Cardiology – The Animal Medical Center, New York, NY
  • Residency in Cardiology – The Animal Medical Center, New York, NY

Recent Publications:

Gavic EA, Achen SE, Fox PR, Benjamin EJ, Goodwin J, Gunasekaran T, Schober KE, Tjostheim SS, Vickers J, Ward JL, Russell DS, Rishniw M, Hamer SA, Saunders AB. Trypanosoma cruzi infection diagnosed in dogs in nonendemic areas and results from a survey suggest a need for increased Chagas disease awareness in North America. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023 Feb 2;261(5):705-712. doi: 10.2460/javma.22.10.0445. PMID: 36735504.

Kim E, Fischetti AJ, Sreetharan P, Weltman JG, Fox PR. Comparison of artificial intelligence to the veterinary radiologist’s diagnosis of canine cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2022;63(3):292-297. doi:10.1111/vru.13062.

Fox PR, Keene BW, Lamb K, Schober KA for the REVEAL-Investigators. International collaborative study to assess cardiovascular risk and evaluate long-term health in cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and apparently healthy cats: The REVEAL Study.J Vet Intern Med. 2018 May;32(3):930-943.

Eunbee K, Fischetti AJ, Sreetharan P, Weltman JG, Fox PR. Comparison of artificial intelligence to veterinary radiologist’s diagnosis of canine cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Vet Radiol Ulrasound. 2022:1-7

Denroche K, Fox PR, Prittie J, Crecraft C. Septic pericarditis caused by a migrating grass awn in a cat. J Vet Cardiol 2021;36:14-19

Kharbush RJ, Hohenhaus AE, Donovan TA, Fox PRB-cell lymphoma invading and compressing the heart base and pericardium in a cat. J Vet Cardiol 2021;35;84:89

Atkins C, Keene B, DeFrancesco TC, Tou S, Chetboul V, Côté É, Ettinger S, Fox PR, Hamlin RL, Mochel JP, Pouchelon JL, Stepien RL Letter to the editor regarding “Efficacy of adding ramipril (VAsotop) to the combination of furosemide (Lasix) and pimobendan (VEtmedin) in dogs with mitral valve degeneration: The VALVE trial”. J Vet Intern Med. 2021:698-699

Air gun ballistic projectile lodged in the interventricular septum of an asymptomatic dog. Fox PR, Hohenhaus AE, Kharbush R. CASE; 2020 (Sept 14)

Temporal changes in clinical and radiographic variables in dogs with preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease: The EPIC study. Boswood A, Gordon SG, Häggström J, Vanselow M, Wess G, Stepien RL, Oyama MA, Keene BW, Bonagura J, MacDonald KA, Patteson M, Smith S, Fox PR, Sanderson K, Woolley R, Szatmári V, Menaut P, Church WM, O’Sullivan ML, Jaudon JP, Kresken JG, Rush J, Barrett KA, Rosenthal SL, Saunders AB, Ljungvall I, Deinert M, Bomassi E, Estrada AH, Fernandez Del Palacio MJ, Moise NS, Abbott JA, Fujii Y, Spier A, Luethy MW, Santilli RA, Uechi M, Tidholm A, Schummer C, Watson P.J Vet Intern Med. 2020 May;34(3):1108-1118. doi: 10.1111/jvim.15753. Epub 2020 Mar 22.PMID: 32200574

ACVIM consensus statement guidelines for the classification, diagnosis, and management of cardiomyopathies in cats. Luis Fuentes V, Abbott J, Chetboul V, Côté E, Fox PR, Häggström J, Kittleson MD, Schober K, Stern JA. J Vet Intern Med. 2020 May;34(3):1062-1077. doi: 10.1111/jvim.15745. Epub 2020 Apr 3.PMID: 32243654

ECG of the Month. Herrold EJ, White AJ, Fox PR. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2020 Jul 1;257(1):41-43. doi: 10.2460/javma.257.1.41.PMID: 32538699.

Sudden death in a dog with aortic coarctation. Fox PR, Donovan TA. J Vet Cardiol. 2020 Oct;31:23-29. doi: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.08.001. Epub 2020 Aug 22.PMID: 32927406

Giant pericardial-occupying compressive primary cardiac hemangiosarcoma in a cat. Herrold EJ, Donovan TA, Hohenhaus AE, Fox PR. J Vet Cardiol. 2020 Jun;29:54-59. doi: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.04.004. Epub 2020 May 5.PMID: 32497967

Fox PR, Keene BW, Lamb K, Schober KE, Chetboul V, Luis Fuentes V, et al. Long-term incidence and risk of noncardiovascular and all-cause mortality in apparently healthy cats and cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Vet Intern Med. 2019;33:2572-2586.

Vollmar C, Vollmar A, Keene B, Fox PR, Reese S, Kohn B. Irish wolfhounds with subclinical atrial fibrillation: progression of disease and causes of death. J Vet Cardiol. 2019;24:48-57.

Zollo AM, Ayoob AL, Prittie JE, Jepson RD, Lamb KE, Fox PR. Utility of admission lactate concentration, lactate variables, and shock index in outcome assessment in dogs diagnosed with shock. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2019 Jul 9. doi: 10.1111/vec.12868. [Epub ahead of print]

Larouche-Lebel É, Loughran KA, Oyama MA, Solter PF, Laughlin DS, Sánchez MD, Assenmacher CA, Fox PR, Fries RC. Plasma and tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity and plasma equilibrium concentrations of angiotensin peptides in dogs with heart disease. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33:1571-1584

Keene BW, Atkins CE, Bonagura JD, Fox PR, Häggström J, Fuentes VL, Oyama MA, Rush JE, Stepien R, Uechi M. ACVIM consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33:1127-1140.

Vollmar C, Vollmar A, Keene BW, Fox PR, Reese S, Kohn B. Dilated cardiomyopathy in 151 Irish Wolfhounds: Characteristic clinical findings, life expectancy and causes of death. Vet J. 2019;245:15-21.

Alvarez LX, McCue J, Lam NK, Askin G, Fox PR. Effect of Targeted Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy on Canine Postoperative Hemilaminectomy: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2019;55:83-91.

Martel DP, Fox PR, Lamb KE, Carmichael DT.Comparison of closed root planing with versus without concurrent doxycycline hyclate or clindamycin hydrochloride gel application for the treatment of periodontal disease in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2019;254:373-379.

Oxford EM, Pariaut R, Tursi M, Fox PR, Santilli RA. Successful electrical cardioversion of atrial and ventricular fibrillation in a Doberman pinscher with dilated cardiomyopathy and hemodynamic collapse. JAVMA 2018; 252: 807.

Fox PR, Kittleson MD, Basso C, Thiene G. Letter to Editor. J Vet Intern Med. 2017;31:969.

Kittleson MD, Fox PR, Basso C, Thiene G. Naturally occurring biventricular noncompaction in an adult domestic cat. J Vet Intern Med. 2017;31:527-531.

Donovan TA, Fox PR, Balakrishnan N, Ericson M, Hooker V, Breitschwerdt EB. Pyogranulomatous pancarditis with intramyocardial bartonella henselae San Antonio 2 (BhSA2) in a dog. J Vet Intern Med. 2017;31:142-148.

Haggstrom J, Boswood A, Gordon SG, Wess G, Stepien RL, Oyama MA, Keene BW, Bonagura J, MacDonald KA, Patteson M, Smith S, Fox PR, Sanderson K, Woolley R, Szatmari V, Menaut P, Church WM, O’Sullivan ML, Jaudon J-P, Kresken J-G, Rush J, Barrett KA, Rosenthal SL, Saunders AB, Ljungvall I, Deinert M, Bomassi E, Estrada AH, Fernandez Del Palacio MJ, Moise NS, Abbott AJA, Fujii Y, Spier A, Luethy MW, Santilli RA, Uechi M, Tidholm A, Watson P. Longitudinal analysis of quality of life, clinical, radiographic, echocardiographic, and laboratory variables in dogs with preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease receiving pimobendan or placebo: The EPIC study. J Vet Int Med (In press).

Vila J, Pariaut R, Moïse NS, Oxford EM, Fox PR, Reynolds CA, Saelinger C. Structural and molecular pathology of the atrium in boxer arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. J Vet Cardiol. 2016 Oct 18. pii: S1760-2734(16)30073-X. doi: 10.1016/j.jvc.2016.09.001. [Epub ahead of print]

Griego-Valles M, Buriko Y, Prittie JE, Fox PR. An in vitro comparison of the effects of voluven (6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) and hespan (6% hydroxyethyl starch 670/0.75) on measures of blood coagulation in canine blood. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2016 Oct 6. doi: 10.1111/vec.12541. [Epub ahead of print]

Alvarez LX, Fox PR, Van Dyke JB. Survey of referring veterinarians’ perceptions and reasons for referral to rehabilitation facilities. Manuscript accepted for publication 8/15. J Am Vet Med Assoc.

Fox PR, Schober KA. Management of asymptomatic (occult) feline cardiomyopathy: Challenges and realities. J Vet Cardiol. 2015 Dec;17 Suppl 1:S150-8. Review.

Maron BJ, Fox PR.Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in man and cats. J Vet Cardiol. 2015 Dec;17 Suppl 1:S6-9.

Hogan DF, Fox PR, Jacob K, Keene B, Laste NJ, Rosenthal S, Sederquist K, Weng HY. Secondary prevention of cardiogenic arterial thromboembolism in the cat: The double-blind, randomized, positive-controlled feline arterial thromboembolism; clopidogrel vs. aspirin trial (FAT CAT). J Vet Cardiol. 2015 Dec;17 Suppl 1:S306-17.

White CR, Langston C, Hohenhaus AE, Lamb K, Hackner S, Fox PR. Evaluation of the relationship between clinical variables and thromboelastographic findings in dogs with protein-losing nephropathy. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2016 Jan;26(1):74-9.

Skerrett SC, McClaran JK, Fox PR, Palma D. Clinical features and outcome of dogs with epiglottic retroversion with or without surgical treatment: 24 cases. J Vet Intern Med. 2015 Nov;29(6):1611-8.

Fox PR, Basso C, Thiene G, Maron BJ.Spontaneously occurring restrictive nonhypertrophied cardiomyopathy in domestic cats: a new animal model of human disease. Cardiovasc Pathol.2014 Jan-Feb;23(1):28-34.

Fox PR, Oyama MA, Hezzell MJ, Rush JE, Nguyenba TP, DeFrancesco TC, Lehmkuhl LB, Kellihan HB, Bulmer B, Gordon SG, Cunningham SM, MacGregor J, Stepien RL, Lefbom B, Adin D, Lamb K. Relationship of plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide concentrations to heart failure classification and cause of respiratory distress in dogs using a 2nd generation ELISA assay. J Vet Intern Med. 2015 Jan;29(1):171-9.

Machen MC, Oyama MA, Gordon SG, Rush JE, Achen SE, Stepien RL, Fox PR, Saunders AB, Cunningham SM, Lee PM, Kellihan HB. Multi-centered investigation of a point-of-care NT-proBNP ELISA assay to detect moderate to severe occult (pre-clinical) feline heart disease in cats referred for cardiac evaluation. J Vet Int Med 2014;16:245-255.

Rylander H, Eminaga S, Palus V, Steinberg H, Caine A, Summers BA, Gehrke J, West C, Fox PR, Donovan T, Cherubini GB. Feline ischemic myelopathy and encephalopathy secondary to hyaline arteriopathy in five cats. J Fel Med Surg 2014;10:832-839.

Young BV, Prittie JE, Fox PR, Barton LJ. Decreased central venous oxygen saturation despite normalization of heart rate and blood pressure post shock resuscitation in sick dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2014;24:154-156.

Oxford EM, Danko CG, Fox PR, Kornreich BG, Moïse NS. Change in beta–catenin localization suggests involvement of the canonical Wnt pathway in Boxer dogs with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. J Vet Int Med 2014;8:92-101.

Fox PR, Basso C, Thiene G, Maron BJ. Spontaneously occurring restrictive nonhypertrophied cardiomyopathy in domestic cats: a new animal model of human disease. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2013;13:156-7.

Oyama MA, Boswood A, Connolly DJ, Ettinger SJ, Fox PR, Gordon SG, Rush JE, Sisson DD, Stepien RL, Wess G, Zannad F. Clinical usefulness of an assay for measurement of circulating N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentration in dogs and cats with heart disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2013;243:71-82.

Buch JS for the NT-proBNP Field Trial Study Group: Oyama MA, Rush JE, Fox PR, Nguyenba TP, Bulmer BJ, Cunningham SM, Kellihan HB, Gordon SG, Lefbom BK, DeFrancesco TC, MacGregor JM, Lehmkuhl LB, Stepien RL, Brown WA, CLINICAL EVALUATION OF A SECOND-GENERATION CANINE NT-PROBNP ASSAY. Europ Coll Vet Int Med 2013 Abstr

Vila J, Pariaut R, Moise S, Oxford EM, Fox P, Reynolds C, Saelinger C. Structural and molecular pathology of the atrium in a canine model of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:E387

Hogan D, Fox PR, Jacob K, Keene B, Laste N, Rosenthal S. Analysis of the feline arterial thromboembolism: clopidogrel vs. aspirin trial (FAT CAT). JVIM 2013 Abstr.

Vollmar A, Fox PR, Servet E, Biourge V. Determination of the prevalence of whole blood taurine deficiency in Irish wolfhound dogs with and without echocardiographic evidence of dilated cardiomyopathy. J Vet Cardiol 2013 (In press)

Currao RL, Berent AC, Weisse C, Fox P. Use of a percutaneously controlled urethral hydraulic occluder for treatment of refractory urinary incontinence in 18 female dogs. Vet Surg. 2013 Jan 8. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2012.01040.x. [Epub ahead of print]

Singletary GE, Rush JE, Fox PR, Stepien RL, Oyama MA. Effect of NT-pro-BNP assay on general practitioners in diagnosing heart failure or respiratory disease in cats with respiratory signs. J Vet Int Med 2012;26:542-546

Fox PR. Pathology of mxyomatous mitral valve disease. J Vet Cardiol 2012;14:103-26.

Reynolds CA, Brown DC, Rush JE, Fox PR, Nguyenba TP, Lehmkuhl LB, Gordon SG, Kellihan HB, Stepien RL, Lefbom BK, Kate Meier C, Oyama MA. Prediction of first onset of congestive heart failure in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease: The PREDICT cohort study. J Vet Cardiol. 2012 Mar;14(1):193-202.

Fox PR, Rush JE, Reynolds CA, Defrancesco TC, Keene BW, Atkins CE, Gordon SG, Schober KE, Bonagura JD, Stepien RL, Kellihan HB, Macdonald KA, Lehmkuhl LB, Nguyenba TP, Sydney Moise N, Lefbom BK, Hogan DF, Oyama MA. Multicenter evaluation of plasma N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro BNP) as a biochemical screening test for asymptomatic (occult) cardiomyopathy in cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2011 Sep;25(5):1010-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00776.x. Epub 2011 Aug 30.

Meurs KM, Heaney AM, Atkins CE, DeFrancesco TC, Fox PR, Keene BW, Kellihan HB, Miller MW, Oyama MA, Oaks JL Comparison of polymerase chain reaction with bacterial 16s primers to blood culture to identify bacteremia in dogs with suspected bacterial endocarditis. J Vet Intern Med. 2011 Jul-Aug;25(4):959-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0742.x. Epub 2011 Jun 20.

Oxford EM, Danko CG, Kornreich BG, Maass K, Hemsley SA, Raskolnikov D, Fox PR, Delmar M, Moïse NS. Ultrastructural changes in cardiac myocytes from Boxer dogs with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. J Vet Cardiol. 2011 Jun;13(2):101-13. Epub 2011 Jun 1.

Reynolds CA, Oyama MA, Rush JE, Rozanski EA, Singletary GE, Brown DC, Cunningham SM, Fox PR, Bond B, Adin DB, Williams RM, MacDonald KA, Malakoff R, Sleeper MM, Schober KE, Petrie JP, Hogan DF. Perceptions of quality of life and priorities of owners of cats with heart disease. J Vet Intern Med. 2010 Nov-Dec;24(6):1421-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0583.x. Epub 2010 Aug 24.

Atkins C, Bonagura J, Ettinger S, Fox P, Gordon S, Haggstrom J, Hamlin R, Keene B (Chair), Luis-Fuentes V, and Stepien R. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Canine Chronic Valvular Heart Disease J Vet Intern Med 2009;23:1142–1150.

Oyama MA, Rush JE, Rozanski EA, Fox PR, Reynolds CA, Gordon SG, Bulmer BJ, Lefbom BK, Brown BA, Lehmkuhl LB, Prosek R, Lesser MB, Kraus MS, Bossbaly MJ, Rapoport GS, Boileau JS. Assessment of serum N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentration for differentiation of congestive heart failure from primary respiratory tract disease as the cause of respiratory signs in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009 Dec 1;235(11):1319-25.

Fox PR, Oyama MA, Reynolds C, Rush JE, DeFrancesco TC, Keene BW, Atkins CE, Macdonald KA, Schober KE, Bonagura JD, Stepien RL, Kellihan HB, Nguyenba TP, Lehmkuhl LB, Lefbom BK, Moise NS, Hogan DFUtility of plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) to distinguish between congestive heart failure and non-cardiac causes of acute dyspnea in cats. J Vet Cardiol. 2009 May;11 Suppl 1:S51-61. Epub 2009 Apr 24

Beddies G, Fox PR, Papich MD, Kanikanti VR, Krebber R, Keene BW. Comparison of Pharmacokinetic Properties of Bisoprolol and Carvedilol in Healthy Dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2008; 69:1659-1663.

Fox PR, Puschner B, Ebel J. Assessment of acute injuries, exposure to environmental toxins, and five-year health surveillance of New York Police Department working dogs following the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center terrorist attack. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;233:48-59.

Oyama MA, Fox PR, Rush JE, Rozanski EA, Lesser M. Clinical utility of serum N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentration for identifying cardiac disease in dogs and assessing disease severity. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 32:1496-503.

Distl O, Vollmar AC, Broschk C, Hamann H, Fox PR. Complex segregation analysis of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in Irish wolfhounds. Heredity 2007;99:460-5.

Oxford E, Everitt M, Coombs W, Fox PR, Krause M, Gelzer AR, Saffitz J, Taffet SM, Moise NS, Delmar M. Molecular composition of the intercalated disc in a spontaneous canine animal model of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm. 2007;4:1196-1205.

Atkins CE, Keene BW, Brown WA, Coats JR, Crawford MA, DeFrancesco TC, Edwards NJ, Fox P, Lehmkuhl L, Luethy M, Meurs K, Petrie JP, Pipers F, Rosenthal S, Sidley JA, Straus J. Chronic Enalapril monotherapy in compensated, naturally-occurring mitral insufficiency: Results of the Veterinary Enalapril Trial to Prove Reduction in Onset of Heart Failure (VETPROOF). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007;231:1061-9.

Meurs KM, Fox PR, Norgard M, Spier AW, Lamb A, Koplitz SL, Baumwart RD. A prospective genetic evaluation of familial dilated cardiomyopathy in the Doberman Pinscher.. J Vet Int Med 2007 J Vet Int Med 2007;21:1016-1020.

Rousseau A, Prittie J, Broussard JD, Fox PR, Hoskinson J. Incidence and characterization of esophagitis following esophageal foreign body removal in dogs: 60 cases (1999–2003). J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2007;17:159-163.

Meurs MM, Lacombe VA, Dryburgh K, Fox PR, Reiser PR, Kittleson MD. Differential expression of the cardiac ryanodine receptor in normal and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in canine hearts. Hum Genet 2006;120:118-118.

Miller MW, Gordon SG, Saunders AB, Arsenault WG, Meurs KM, Lehmkuhl LB, Bonagura JB, Fox PR. Angiographic classification of patent ductus arteriosus morphology in dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2006;8:109-128.

Miller MW, Fox PR, Saunders AB. and clinical feaPathologic tures of infectious endocarditis. J Vet Cardiol 2004;2:35-43.

Basso C, Fox PR, Meurs KM, Towbin JA, Spier AW, Calabrese F, Maron BJ, Thiene G. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy causing sudden cardiac death in Boxer dogs A new animal model of human disease. Circulation109:1180-1185, 2004.

Vollmar A, Fox PR. Pericardial disease. Kleintierpraxis 2004.

Fox PR. Endomyocardial fibrosis and restrictive cardiomyopathy: pathologic and clinical features. J Vet Cardiol 6;25-31, 2004.

Fox PR. Time for pathology renaissance. J Vet Cardiol 6;5, 2004.

Fox PR. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clinical and pathologic correlates. J Vet Cardiol 5;39-45, 2003.

Volmar A, Fox PR, Meurs K, Liu SK. Dilated cardiomyopathy in juvenile Doberman pinschers. J Vet Cardiol 5:23-27, 2003.

Fox PR, Maron BJ, Liu SK, Basso C, Thiene R. Spontaneously occurring arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in the domestic cat: A new animal model similar to the human disease. Circulation 102:1863-1870, 2000.

Meurs KM, Fox PR, Magnon AL, Liu S-K, Towbin JA. Molecular screening by polymerase chain reaction detects panleukopenia virus DNA in formalin-fixed hearts from cats with idiopathic cardiomyopathy and myocarditis. Cardiovasc Pathol 9:119-126, 2000

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