Category Archives: Internal Medicine

Just before the holidays, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene released its annual report to veterinarians on an important infectious disease, leptospirosis. As a New York City veterinarian, this report concerns me, and pet owners should be concerned too. Following several years of declining infection numbers, cases ticked up in 2022, the latest year data was available. In total, there were 20 confirmed “lepto” cases in the five boroughs in 2022, up from 18 in 2021. (To see previous years’ reports, visit the NYC DOH website.) Leptospirosis causes kidney failure and elevated liver tests, which may require hemodialysis and may be fatal. This blogpost describes some important features of canine leptospirosis.

For those of us in the dog world, much of our focus over the last couple of weeks has been on infectious respiratory diseases in dogs. While the current outbreak remains a mystery, today’s blogpost will focus on the well documented link between respiratory and gastrointestinal illness in dogs. The link between these two body systems might surprise the casual reader; however, the two systems share a common origin: the mouth. The mouth divides into the trachea (windpipe) of the respiratory system and the esophagus leading to the stomach.

The American Animal Hospital Association recommends blood tests as part of an annual well pet examination. These tests include a biochemical profile, evaluating your pet’s kidneys, blood sugar, blood protein levels, and electrolytes such as calcium, potassium, sodium and chloride. The panel also always includes multiple tests of liver health, which I will be discussing in today’s blogpost.

There’s been a connection between canine liver disease and elevated levels of copper seen in a liver biopsy since the late 1970’s when veterinarians from the Schwarzman Animal Medical Center, in collaboration with researchers from Albert Einstein School of Medicine, identified copper storage disease in Bedlington terrriers. Twenty-eight years later, researchers identified a gene mutation in COMMD1, a gene controlling copper metabolism, as the cause of the copper storage disease in Bedlington terriers. However, the link between copper and liver disease in dogs extends beyond this gene mutation, and veterinary researchers continue to study the connection. The image below shows a graphic representation of a National Library of Medicine database search for publications that meet the search criteria “canine AND copper hepatopathy”. (Hepatopathy is the medical term for liver disease.) Several of the publication peaks seen here can help explain the linkage between liver disease and copper.

The American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) is celebrating its 50th anniversary. ACVIM encompasses the veterinary specialties of oncology, neurology, internal medicine, cardiology and nutrition. As part of the celebration, the ACVIM is highlighting their official journal, the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine (JVIM), which just celebrated its 35th birthday. The JVIM provides an international forum for communication and discussion of the latest developments in large and small animal internal medicine, cardiology, neurology and oncology, making JVIM a journal AMC veterinarians read frequently and with great interest.